Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don

Cope's giant salamander is found in the Puget lowland forests along with several other western North America ecoregions. The Puget lowland forests occupy a north-south topographic depression between the Olympic Peninsula and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, extending from north of the Canadian border to the lower Columbia River along the Oregon border. The portion of this forest ecoregion within British Columbia includes the Fraser Valley lowlands, the coastal lowlands locally known as the Sunshine Coast and several of the Gulf Islands. This ecoregion is within the Nearctic Realm and classified as part of the Temperate Coniferous Forests biome.

The Puget lowland forests have a Mediterranean-like climate, with warm, dry summers, and mild wet winters. The mean annual temperature is 9°C, the mean summer temperature is 15°C, and the mean winter temperature is 3.5°C. Annual precipitation averages 800 to 900 millimeters (mm) but may be as great as 1530 mm. Only a small percentage of this precipitation falls as snow. However, annual rainfall  on the San Juan Islands can be as low as 460 mm, due to rain-shadow effects caused by the Olympic Mountains. This local rain shadow effect results in some of the driest sites encountered in the region. Varied topography on these hilly islands results in a diverse assemblage of plant communities arranged along orographically defiined moisture gradients. Open grasslands with widely scattered trees dominate the exposed southern aspects of the islands, while moister dense forests occur on northern sheltered slopes characterized by Western red cedar (Thuja plicata), Grand fir (Abies grandis), and Sword fern (Polystichum munitum) communities.

There are only a small number of amphibian taxa in the Puget lowland forests, namely: Cope's giant salamander (Dicamptodon copei); Monterey ensatina (Ensatina eschscholtzii); Long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum); Western redback salamander (Plethodon vehiculum); Northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile); Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla); Coastal giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus); Rough-skin newt (Taricha granulosa);  the Vulnerable Spotted frog (Rana pretiosa); Tailed frog (Ascopus truei); and Northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora).

Likewise there are a small number of reptilian taxa within the ecoregion: Common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis); Western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis); Northern alligator lizard (Elgaria coerulea); Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis); Northwestern garter snake (Thamnophis ordinoides); Sharp-tailed snake (Contia tenuis); Yellow-bellied racer (Coluber constrictor); and Western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata).

There are numberous mammalian taxa present in the Puget lowland forests. A small sample of these are:Creeping vole (Microtus oregoni), Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris), Mink (Mustela vison), Coyote (Canis latrans), Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus), Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus), and Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina).

A rich assortment of bird species present in this ecoregion, including the Near Threatened Spotted owl (Strix occidentalis), Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Blue grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), as well as a gamut of seabirds, numerous shorebirds and waterfowl.

Coastal western redcedar receives from less than 890 mm (35 in) of  annual precipitation to more than 6600 mm (260 in), mostly as winter  rainfall; interior western redcedar, about 710 mm (28 in) in the north,  810 to 1240 mm (32 to 49 in) farther south-about half as spring and autumn  rain, one-third as winter snow (2).

    Although western redcedar is abundant in many forested swamps, it is  sometimes found on sites that are too dry for western hemlock (Tsuga  heterophylla) (12,39,42), probably because the root penetration of the  redcedar is better. Redcedar leaves are not protected from excessive  transpiration by cutin and wax.

    Trees tolerate stagnant winter water tables averaging less than 15 cm (6  in) below the soil surface on the Olympic Peninsula (32). The species  dominates wet ravines and poorly drained depressions in both Glacier  National Park in Montana and the Selway Bitterroot Wilderness in Idaho  (20,21).

    Where sufficient precipitation is present, low temperature appears to  limit the species' range. Length of the frost-free period abruptly  decreases just above the tree's upper elevation limits on Vancouver  Island. The northern limits of western redcedar lie between the 11.1°  and 11.7° C (52° and 53° F) mean summer temperature  isotherms in southeastern Alaska. Absolute minimum temperatures  experienced by western redcedar in British Columbia are -10° to -30°  C (14° to -22° F) in coastal populations, -14° to -47°  C (7° to -53° F) in the interior (28). Western redcedar has a  growing season of at least 120 frost-free days along the coast but as few  as 75 frost-free days in some portions of its interior range. It is not  resistant to frost and is sometimes damaged by freezing temperatures in  late spring or early autumn.

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

Reasons: Common species of northwest North America, with thousands of occurrences.

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident